# Re: [R] problem with mode of marginal distriubtion of rdirichlet{gtools}

From: Rob Carnell <carnellr_at_battelle.org>
Date: Sun 22 Oct 2006 - 17:04:28 GMT

hong qin <alongway <at> gmail.com> writes:

>
> Hi all,
>
> I have a problem using rdirichlet{gtools}.
> For Dir( a1, a2, ..., a_n), its mode can be found at $( a_i -1)/ ( > \sum_{i}a_i - n)$;
> The means are $a_i / (\sum_{i} a_i )$;
>
> I tried to study the above properties using rdirichlet from gtools. The code
> are:
>
> ##############
> library(gtools)
> alpha = c(1,3,9) #totoal=13

I agree with your assertions up to here. The proofs that I have seen for the mode of the dirichlet assert that a_i > 1. This is important. So I propose:

And I will continue with the example, commenting out your example for comparison...

# mean.expect = c(1/13, 3/13, 9/13)
# mode.expect = c(0, 2/10, 8/10) # this is for the overall mode.

mean.expect = c(2/13, 4/13, 7/13)
mode.expect = c(1/10, 3/10, 6/10)

You were also correct that the expected mode is for the joint distribution. For the marginal distributions, there is a slightly different expected mode. The marginal distributions of a dirichlet are beta distributions with an alpha parameter equal to a_i and a beta parameter equal to (\sum{j, j!=i} a_j). The mode of the beta distribution is (alpha - 1) / (alpha + beta - 2). The first marginal therefore has a mode of (2 - 1) / (2 + 11 -2) = 1/11

mode.expect.beta = c(1/11, 3/11, 6/11)

I also propose that we look at the smoothed density estimate to find the mean instead of relying on histograms which have error in their mode estimate due to the bin size.

mode1 = numeric(3);
mode2 = numeric(3);

theta = data.frame( rdirichlet( 100000, alpha) ) m1 = mean(theta)
for( i in 1:3) {
h2 <- density(theta[,i], n=1024)
mode1[i] <- h2$x[h2$y==max(h2$y)] } theta = data.frame( rdirichlet( 100000, alpha) ) m2 = mean(theta) for( i in 1:3) { h2 <- density(theta[,i], n=1024) mode2[i] <- h2$x[h2$y==max(h2$y)]
}

The output then shows that the density follows the mode.expect.beta.

                   X1        X2        X3
m1          0.1539895 0.3078219 0.5381886
m2          0.1537157 0.3072688 0.5390156

mean.expect 0.1538462 0.3076923 0.5384615
                       [,1]      [,2]      [,3]
mode1            0.09231188 0.2687344 0.5426022
mode2            0.09039729 0.2757893 0.5608050
mode.expect      0.10000000 0.3000000 0.6000000

mode.expect.beta 0.09090909 0.2727273 0.5454545
>

Finally, we can show that the joint distribution mode is greater than the joint density at the values of the modes of the marginal densities.

> ddirichlet(c(1/10, 3/10, 6/10), c(2,4,7)) # joint mode
[1] 13.96769
> ddirichlet(c(1/11, 3/11, 6/11), c(2,4,7)) # marginal modes
[1] 5.385148
>

I hope this helps!

Rob Carnell
Battelle - Statistics and Information Analysis

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